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Over the past four decades, commuter cycling has become a planning issue in cities that did not have established cycling cultures. This category includes post-Socialist cities with recent and strong automobility systems and limite...
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Over the past four decades, commuter cycling has become a planning issue in cities that did not have established cycling cultures. This category includes post-Socialist cities with recent and strong automobility systems and limited cycling planning experiences. This article seeks to demonstrate how transfer of policy ideas from other contexts has contributed to the emergence of cycling policies in the largest post-Socialist city, Moscow, Russia, in the mid 2000s 2016. Policy transfer means the diverse processes of acquiring policy ideas from other planning contexts and adapting this knowledge to shape local policies. The article is based on the results of a study that combined policy transfer questions with policy ethnography methodology that entailed prolonged field work and interviews with diverse policy actors and beneficiaries. This article aims to answer a question: How did policy learning, transfer and translation contribute to the emergence of Moscow's cycling policy? The article concludes that policy transfer facilitated cycling planning in Moscow by providing fast solutions, informing and legitimizing policy decisions, and temporarily leveraging cyclists' advocacy efforts. However, policy learning and transfer do not guarantee acceptance or successful implementation of policies. Integration of cycling into transport policies depends on an interplay of local institutional, political, and socio-spatial factors that influence decision-making. Constraints to implementing cycling policies include a peculiar car-culture, technocratic planning with a significant role of state actors and other elite groups, and insufficient opportunities for Moscow's cycling community to influence policy-making. These findings contribute to the transport policy and geography literature by exploring the role of policy transfer in cycling planning and by focusing on a less known transport policy context: post-Socialist cities outside the European Union.
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Israel's air quality is poorer than that of most European countries. Despite this, Israel's industrial emissions to the air are not governed by an overall legislation, but instead are controlled by a voluntary agreement—a covenan...
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Israel's air quality is poorer than that of most European countries. Despite this, Israel's industrial emissions to the air are not governed by an overall legislation, but instead are controlled by a voluntary agreement—a covenant—between the industrialists and the Ministry of the Environment. Why did the Ministry of the Environment opt for a covenant as a means of regulating industrial emissions rather than legislation? This paper uses the Policy Process Networks framework, which focuses on the role that different state and non-state actors play in the policy process, and on the network's institutional setting, to analyse and explain how this policy was formed. It also explores why the policy's implementation and enforcement are limited. By forming the covenant, the Ministry was able to gain better control over emissions. Yet, as a result, important actors like environmental NGOs, independent experts, the judiciary and the public, were excluded from decision-making forums and had only minor influence on the chosen policy, its implementation and enforcement. This paper also demonstrates that no single network governs emissions policy and shows how actors' networks vary throughout the different policy stages.
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The literature on R&D-based growth establishes that market equilibrium is inefficient and derives optimal R&D policy. Normative analyses of this type use the assumption of steady state, largely motivated by analytical convenience. This paper questions this steady-state approach by introducing endogenous cycles as long-run equilibria. We show that the government fails to maximize welfare if policy which is optimal in steady state is myopically applied in cyclical equilibria. More specifically, we demonstrate that (ⅰ) cycles arise in the (very) standard R&D-based model of Grossman and Helpman [1991. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (Chapter 3)] once the model is framed in discrete time, (ⅱ) these cycles are inefficient in the sense that they prevent welfare maximization, (ⅲ) optimal steady-state R&D policy fails to eliminate cycles, and can even create inefficient cycles, (ⅳ) the application of R&D subsidies leads to a trade-off between growth and macroeconomic stability, and (ⅴ) optimal R&D policy in a fluctuating economy is state-dependent, which generalizes optimal steady-state R&D policy....
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The literature on R&D-based growth establishes that market equilibrium is inefficient and derives optimal R&D policy. Normative analyses of this type use the assumption of steady state, largely motivated by analytical convenience. This paper questions this steady-state approach by introducing endogenous cycles as long-run equilibria. We show that the government fails to maximize welfare if policy which is optimal in steady state is myopically applied in cyclical equilibria. More specifically, we demonstrate that (ⅰ) cycles arise in the (very) standard R&D-based model of Grossman and Helpman [1991. Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA (Chapter 3)] once the model is framed in discrete time, (ⅱ) these cycles are inefficient in the sense that they prevent welfare maximization, (ⅲ) optimal steady-state R&D policy fails to eliminate cycles, and can even create inefficient cycles, (ⅳ) the application of R&D subsidies leads to a trade-off between growth and macroeconomic stability, and (ⅴ) optimal R&D policy in a fluctuating economy is state-dependent, which generalizes optimal steady-state R&D policy.
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This paper studies the state-dependent effects of shocks to tax rates. We begin with a stylized model in which clean analytical expressions are available. The model predicts that a tax rate cut is most stimulative for output in pe...
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This paper studies the state-dependent effects of shocks to tax rates. We begin with a stylized model in which clean analytical expressions are available. The model predicts that a tax rate cut is most stimulative for output in periods in which output is relatively high. The model is also used to discuss some conceptual issues related to the construction of tax multipliers. We then consider a medium-scale DSGE model with tax rates on labor and capital income and on consumption. The model is solved via a third order perturbation. Consonant with the intuition from the analytical model, tax multipliers for all three types of tax rates vary significantly across states, and are most stimulative for output in states in which output is high. To evaluate the normative desirability of tax cuts as a tool to combat recessions, we also study the properties of the tax cut welfare multiplier, which measures the change in aggregate welfare conditional on a tax rate change. In contrast to output multipliers, welfare multipliers are found to be countercyclical. A number of extensions and modifications are considered and our conclusions are generally robust. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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This paper investigates exchange rate and monetary policies over the business cycle in Taiwan. We first characterize the business cycle dynamics in Taiwan and identify foreign shocks as the main cause of any fluctuations. We then ...
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This paper investigates exchange rate and monetary policies over the business cycle in Taiwan. We first characterize the business cycle dynamics in Taiwan and identify foreign shocks as the main cause of any fluctuations. We then briefly review the exchange rate system and policy operating in Taiwan since the early 1980s. Finally, we investigate the current recession, and discuss how the Taiwanese government is dealing with the economic slowdown.
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This paper analyzes the importance of monetary and fiscal policy shocks in explaining U.S. macroeconomic fluctuations, and establishes new stylized facts. The novelty of our empirical analysis is that we jointly consider both mone...
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This paper analyzes the importance of monetary and fiscal policy shocks in explaining U.S. macroeconomic fluctuations, and establishes new stylized facts. The novelty of our empirical analysis is that we jointly consider both monetary and fiscal policy, whereas the existing literature only focuses on either one or the other. Our main findings are twofold: fiscal shocks are relatively more important in explaining medium cycle fluctuations whereas monetary policy shocks are relatively more important in explaining business cycle fluctuations, and failing to recognize that both monetary and fiscal policy simultaneously affect macroeconomic variables might incorrectly attribute the fluctuations to the wrong source.
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Arguments in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of biodiversity policy frame conservation in a range of ways and express interests that can be conflicting. Policy processes are cyclic and iterative by nature and as pol...
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Arguments in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of biodiversity policy frame conservation in a range of ways and express interests that can be conflicting. Policy processes are cyclic and iterative by nature and as policies are constantly reformulated, argumentation has an important role at each policy stage. In this paper, we utilise the policy cycle model to shed light on biodiversity-related policy processes and the ways in which argumentation generates effects at different stages of these processes. The paper first draws on literature and the theory-driven assumptions are then illustrated with insights from four European case studies on different policy processes in which biodiversity conservation plays a role. The analysis shows that argumentation tends to evolve over the course of the policy cycle, and framing has a key role across the different policy stages. It is concluded that the ways in which arguments persist, accumulate, diffuse, and replace old arguments, should be the target of increased attention in policy analysis.
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Policymaking in the transport sector is changing, and the growth of cycling policy throughout the globe is one indicator of this. Whether driven by the environmental movement, climate change or by changes in urban culture, transpo...
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Policymaking in the transport sector is changing, and the growth of cycling policy throughout the globe is one indicator of this. Whether driven by the environmental movement, climate change or by changes in urban culture, transport policy constitutes an important arena for shaping the future of cycling. This article discusses two distinct periods of cycling promotion in Munich spanning roughly 50 years: initial policies to develop a bicycle transport system in the 1980s and 1990s, and more recent policies to foster a stronger cycling culture from the 2000s to 2014. The contextual and discursive dynamics of policymaking are assessed to make sense of how a change in policy discourse came about. Ultimately, change is explained through reflecting on the changing dynamics of policy-making processes themselves to promote cycling: changing conditions and cultures of everyday mobility, new governance approaches to transport policy, and the diversification political actors and expertise. The article closes with discussing the insights these dimensions provide for fostering sustainable cycling futures.
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Cycling transport fits well into the principles of sustainable development of cities and regions. Cycling policy is more and more often reflected in various strategic documents which are to set out measures to increase the share o...
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Cycling transport fits well into the principles of sustainable development of cities and regions. Cycling policy is more and more often reflected in various strategic documents which are to set out measures to increase the share of cycling in urban transport. The paper evaluates the manner of implementing the assumptions of sustainable transport through the analysis of strategic documents from Polish cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants. The study was carried out in four stages. Firstly, the authors reviewed literature and reference material, i.e. strategic documents at European and national level. In the second stage, they analysed the strategies of urban development, indicating areas of urban development in which issues related to cycling were placed. The third phase focused on the additional (substantive) strategic documents related to transport and cycling-urban cycling policies. The task here was to assess their completeness and conformity with the guidelines of the European Commission concerning the creation of cycling policy. In the last stage of the study, the authors assessed whether measures for the development of cycling infrastructure were implemented in the studied cities: changes to the cycling infrastructure of the said cities were analysed by determining the dynamics of changes in the length of cycle paths and the availability of bicycle-sharing systems. The study showed the cohesion of cycling policies of Polish cities with higher-level (European and national) documents. It was also confirmed that in the majority of analysed documents the passages concerning cycling are prepared in the context of urban transport.
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Abstract In 2018, Swiss citizens voted for fostering cycling to be included in the Swiss Constitution. This national vote and a post-vote survey among a representative sample of citizens bring insight into the varying propensity t...
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Abstract In 2018, Swiss citizens voted for fostering cycling to be included in the Swiss Constitution. This national vote and a post-vote survey among a representative sample of citizens bring insight into the varying propensity to support cycling among the population. The main explanatory factor is participants’ current cycling practices: cyclists were much more likely to vote positively, as they are more aware of the lack of infrastructure. Non-cyclists were more reluctant, perhaps because they do not wish to challenge the dominant system of automobility. The second most important factor is a right–left political gradient. People on the left were more likely to vote positively and to agree with the arguments for the inclusion of cycling in the Constitution (safety, reduction of congestion, environmental and health benefits), while people on the right were more likely to agree with counterarguments (cycling network already excellent, federalism, unfair to foster cycling). Support for the vote did not vary significantly between social classes, ages or residential contexts. Women, who cycle less than men, voted more in favor and were more concerned about safety, which may be interpreted as a latent demand to cycle. A desire to “catch up” was also observed on the regional level: cantons with a low modal share of cycling were characterized by a higher acceptance rate.
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